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Lead
Lead is a soft, ductile, malleable, bluish-white metal that
has poor electrical conductivity. Highly resistant to corrosion,
this true metal is used to contain corrosive liquids (sulphuric
acid for instance). Adding a small amount of antimony or other
metals to it can toughen lead, the fifth most widely used metal
in the world.
Common uses of lead include batteries, paint pigments, glasswork
(in crystal glass and in TV glass for instance), ammunition,
gasoline tanks or containers, solders, seals or bearings, in
sheathing electric cables, in electrical and electronic applications,
in TV tubes, construction, in ceramics, communications and protective
coatings. Its great mass enables it to be used as a shield for
radioactive materials (lead is used in Y-ray and gamma radiation
shielding).
Link: ILZSG-International
Lead and Zinc Study Group
World Mine Production
Thousand tonnes
| |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
| Europe |
|
|
|
| Bulgaria |
18,5 |
28,6 |
31,3 |
| Greece |
26,5 |
38,2 |
39,3 |
| Ireland |
44,5 |
32,5 |
50,3 |
| Macedonia |
20,0 |
15,0 |
2,6 |
| Poland |
52,6 |
56,0 |
57,0 |
| Romania |
19,7 |
17,5 |
18,1 |
| Russia |
13,0 |
13,0 |
13,0 |
| Spain |
49,5 |
23,3 |
27,5 |
| Sweden |
86,0 |
43,0 |
50,3 |
| United Kingdom |
0,8 |
0,7 |
1,0 |
| Yugoslavia |
7,5 |
4,6 |
0,4 |
| total |
338,5 |
272,5 |
289,7 |
| |
|
|
|
| Africa |
|
|
|
| Morocco |
67,7 |
61,2 |
38,6 |
| South Africa |
54,2 |
50,4 |
41,9 |
| Other Africa |
20,1 |
17,8 |
20,3 |
| total |
142,1 |
129,3 |
100,8 |
| |
|
|
|
| Asia |
|
|
|
| China |
675,8 |
568,4 |
631,5 |
| India |
25,6 |
28,6 |
34 |
| Kazakhstan |
37,7 |
45,2 |
38,2 |
| North Korea |
26,1 |
26,1 |
26,1 |
| Turkey |
17,9 |
17,3 |
17,4 |
| Other Asia |
36,3 |
33,9 |
19,6 |
| total |
819,4 |
719,5 |
766,8 |
| |
|
|
|
| America |
|
|
|
| Canada |
153,9 |
97,2 |
81,8 |
| Mexico |
136,4 |
138,7 |
136,4 |
| Peru |
289,5 |
297,7 |
307,8 |
| USA |
460,8 |
448,8 |
438,9 |
| Other America |
42,1 |
44,5 |
46,0 |
| total |
1.082,8 |
1.026,8 |
1.010,7 |
| |
|
|
|
| Oceania |
|
|
|
| Austalia/total |
714,0 |
683,0 |
681,0 |
| |
|
|
|
| World total |
3.096,9 |
2.831,1 |
2.849,0 |
Note:
This table shows the content by analysis of lead ores and concentrates
plus the lead content of mixed ores
Source:
World Bureau of Metal Statistics - World Metal Statistics, February
2004, p. 80
World Refined Production
Thousand tonnes
| |
2001 |
2002 |
2002 |
| Europe |
|
|
|
| Austria |
24,5 |
24,5 |
24,5 |
| Belgium |
99,6 |
90,7 |
66,6 |
| Bulgaria |
82,6 |
67,5 |
67,5 |
| Czech Republic |
30,5 |
30,5 |
30,6 |
| France |
241,6 |
195,2 |
98,8 |
| Germany |
373,6 |
379,9 |
365,9 |
| Greece |
6,0 |
6,0 |
6,0 |
| Ireland |
9,8 |
6,6 |
6,6 |
| Italy |
221,9 |
192,7 |
217,8 |
| Macedonia |
19,7 |
19,8 |
6,4 |
| Netherlands |
25,2 |
18,0 |
24,0 |
| Poland |
66,0 |
65,8 |
65,9 |
| Portugal |
6,0 |
6,0 |
6,0 |
| Romania |
26,9 |
23,1 |
23,1 |
| Russia |
60,0 |
63,0 |
63,0 |
| Slovenia |
15,4 |
15,4 |
15,4 |
| Spain |
121,6 |
116,0 |
99,1 |
| Sweden |
83,3 |
69,7 |
76,1 |
| Switzerland |
9,8 |
8,7 |
8,7 |
| Ukraine |
12,8 |
12,9 |
12,9 |
| United Kingdom |
366,3 |
374,6 |
356,2 |
| Yugoslavia |
– |
0,2 |
0,5 |
| total |
1.903,1 |
1.786,7 |
1.641,5 |
| |
|
|
|
| Africa
total |
137,7 |
144,4 |
132,7 |
| |
|
|
|
| Asia |
|
|
|
| Turkey |
9,0 |
9,0 |
9,0 |
| total |
2.186,2 |
2.271,7 |
2.550,0 |
| |
|
|
|
| America
total |
2.101,2 |
2.151,7 |
2.217,8 |
| |
|
|
|
| Oceania
total |
280,0 |
296,6 |
317,7 |
| |
|
|
|
| World
total |
6.608,3 |
6.651,1 |
6.859,7 |
Note:
This table is based on the production of refined lead including
the led content of antimonial lead from primary and secondary
materials.
Metal recovered from secondary material by remelting alone is
excluded.
Source: World Bureau of Metal Statistics
- World Metal Statistics, February 2004, p. 81
World Refined Consumption
Thousand
tonnes
| |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
| Europe |
|
|
|
| Albania |
1,0 |
1,0 |
1,0 |
| Austria |
62,2 |
61,3 |
59,1 |
| Belgium |
36,4 |
48,0 |
50,0 |
| Bosnia |
5,0 |
5,0 |
5,0 |
| Bulgaria |
12,5 |
12,9 |
20,6 |
| Croatia |
2,4 |
2,4 |
2,4 |
| Czech Republic |
80,2 |
81,3 |
76,6 |
| Denmark |
3,6 |
3,6 |
3,6 |
| Finland |
1,6 |
2,6 |
2,4 |
| France |
253,6 |
229,0 |
181,4 |
| Germany |
401,0 |
388,4 |
393,4 |
| Greece |
8,0 |
9,6 |
8,9 |
| Hungary |
7,8 |
7,7 |
8,8 |
| Ireland |
34,1 |
42,1 |
36,6 |
| Italy |
283,0 |
286,8 |
279,8 |
| Macedonia |
5,6 |
5,6 |
5,6 |
| Netherlands |
32,4 |
33,3 |
61,9 |
| Norway |
2,4 |
3,8 |
1,8 |
| Poland |
68,5 |
65,2 |
62,4 |
| Portugal |
24,7 |
21,0 |
20,5 |
| Romania |
20,5 |
21,0 |
21,5 |
| Russia |
92,9 |
105,5 |
104,6 |
| Slovakia |
3,3 |
3,1 |
3,0 |
| Slovakia |
16,6 |
21,2 |
19,3 |
| Spain |
231,0 |
238,0 |
212,0 |
| Sweden |
36,7 |
17,4 |
17,3 |
| Switzerland |
12,4 |
6,7 |
9,1 |
| Ukraine |
13,2 |
10,0 |
5,7 |
| United Kingdom |
298,3 |
305,7 |
308,3 |
| Yugoslavia |
4,0 |
6,6 |
4,2 |
| Other Europe |
1,4 |
1,5 |
1,4 |
| total |
2.056,4 |
2.047,4 |
1.988,3 |
| |
|
|
|
| Africa
total |
118 |
124 |
123,9 |
| |
|
|
|
| Asia |
|
|
|
| Turkey |
46,1 |
63,5 |
73,5 |
| total |
2.095,7 |
2.371,6 |
2.635,2 |
| |
|
|
|
| America
total |
2.194,7 |
2.207,5 |
2.059,9 |
| |
|
|
|
| Oceania
total |
51,4 |
45,3 |
49,9 |
| |
|
|
|
| World
total |
6.516,3 |
6.795,7 |
6.857,2 |
Source: World Bureau of Metal Statistics - World
Metal Statistics, February 2004, p. 82
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